The Nobel is known in the history of science as a notable Swedish family chemists and inventors. Olof Nobel since the early eighteenth century stood out as such, in addition to being an influential professor at the University of Uppsala. Hisgrandson, Immanuel Nobel, was as famous as his grandfather and his creative genius in the field of chemistry, primarily in the field of explosives, was inherited by his descendants amply.
Fig 2.Medal Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Immanuel's marriage with Ahlsell Andrietta born four sons: Robert and Ludwig, outstanding collaborators of his father, Alfred, who immortalized the name with his great contributions in the field of chemical explosives and Emil, who died as a college student, victim of an explosion at the family as a result of laboratory experiences that made. The third brother, Alfred Bernhard Nobel was born in Stockholm, capital of Sweden, on October 21, 1833. Although educated in Russia and studied engineering in the United States of America by the famous engineer John Ericson, deep scientific training in all matters relating to explosives caught up with his work with the father. Still young, Immanuel Nobel, with the whole family moved to St.Petersburg, Russia, where he founded the first a facility for the manufacture of torpedoes and later on, a shipyard, an iron foundry and weapons factories, who worked extensively in , next to the parent,the three eldest sons.
Alfred,who joined his creative genius in chemistry, a knack for big business, when he was not yet three decades of life, founded on his own in 1862, a nitroglycerin factory in Stockholm and three years later other two, and Kummel Winterviken Elbe, the latter becoming oneof the most important in Europe.
He devoted himself to perform, patient and recklessly, nitroglycerin studies in order to reduce its sensitivity it impossible to use in pure form. Nitroglycerin is the most important of nitric ethers of glycerin, also called trinitrina, had been discovered in 1846 by Italian physician and chemist Ascanio Sobrero, who called piroglicerina and warned the extreme danger of commercial use.
In 1854 Williamson established its chemical composition, which facilitated that years later, with a full command of their structure, Nobel could try to meet with various substances, which could reduce their sensitivity. After an arduous process of experimentation, in which almost no studies under taken to continue due to an explosion in 1864 that destroyed their laboratories and ran great danger his life, he noticed that diatomaceous earth or the property offered tripoli be very demanding on nitroglycerin, as retained in its pores up to 82 percent of that substance which gave way to a new mixture, which was still a very explosive, but that was less dangerous handling.
The year was 1867 and just discovered Nobel dynamite, which made possible the industrial use of nitroglycerin and becamethe genuine creator of modern pyrotechnics.
Very soon he multiply establishments engaged in this industry projections incalculable, and introduced the dynamiteacross Europe and the United States. In 1873 he set up his laboratory in Saint-Sevran, near Paris and it was then that created the explosive gelatin, gelatin also called Nobel, consisting of a mixture of nitroglycerine and nitrocellulose.
All these achievements have not exhausted their genius. In 1880 obtained a patent for an automatic brake and a boiler explosion proof, later perfected sulfuric acid concentration and vaporizers appliances and freezers. Along side this work, directed his efforts to find ways that allow modern refining cast iron. Of special importance was his method for the continuous distillation of petroleum, made in 1884, which laid the foundations of the Russian oil industry, whose advantageous exploitation was one of the foundations of his vast personal fortune. His last great contribution he would call or ballistite smokeless powder, from which he received a patent in 1888, the forerunner of cordite explosive achieved by Chemists Frederick Jacob Abel and Dewar. In all these works were constant collaborators his brothers Robert and Ludwig.
In 1891 he moved his laboratory at San Remo, on the Italian Riviera, near the Alps. In 1894 he purchased the Bofors cast for two and a half million kronor thus completed its legendary capital and widened the old family mansion in Stockholm, where he spent summers. During winters remained in the shelter of San Remo, near where I lived Bertha Kinsky, Baroness von Suttner, Austrian writer renowned, known only love in his life of solitary sage productive. There he died suddenly on December 10, 1896 the man, who in the words Happy Austin Tower essayist, wrote his history wetting courageously his pen in nitroglycerin.
1• The last years of his life were spent Alfred Nobel tormented by the idea that his scientific work had contributed to the wars were increasingly destructive and bloody, therefore, a year before his death on November 27, 1895, granted will that created the Nobel Foundation call (Nobelstiftelsen) as follows: "There will be as follows for all remaining realizable fortune to stop at death: capital, held in safe securities by my executors, shall constitute a fund whose interest will be distributed annually as a reward to those who, during the previous year, had paid mankind the greatest services. The total will be divided into five equal parts, to be awarded: one who, in the field of Physical Sciences, has made the most important discovery or invention, another who has done in chemistry or introduced where the best improvement, the third to the author of the most important discovery in physiology or medicine, the fourth that has produced the most remarkable literary work in the sense of idealism and finally, the fifth who has worked more and better in the work of the brotherhood of nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies, and in favor of the formation and spreading of peace congresses.
Prizes will be awarded: the Physics and Chemistry of the Swedish Academy of Sciences, the Physiology or Medicine by the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm, that of literature by the Academy in Stockholm, the work of the Peace, for a commission five individuals who choose the Norwegian Storthing •It is my express wish that in awarding the prizes not consider nationality, so that get the most worthy, whether or not Scandinavian."
2• Twenty days after his death on December 30, 1896, the document was open to all formalities of the law and more than thirty million kronor were aimed at the creation of the Foundation and the proceeds of that capital would be delivered annually from 1901 in the form of the five awards willing, to which add many years later, in 1969, sixth best work intended for research in the field of economics, created by the National Bank Sweden, which is who pays and awarded by the Swedish Academy of Sciences. The institutions responsible to award since its inception appointed committees consisting of three to five members, called Committees of the Nobel Prizes, to rule on the concessions. The amount involved has varied over time according to the Foundation's annual revenues.
Prizes can be shared by up to three people or become vacant and that of Peace, may be awarded institutions, as they have been, among others: the Institute of International Law at the University of Ghentand the Committee of the Red Cross ( Geneva) and the Nansen International Office for Refugees (Geneva).
Nominations for the awards must be submitted in writing, with the blade of his services by persons trained in such opinion of the Foundation, "without taking into account personal recommendations." To make the proposals are approved, currently in Physics and Chemistry: "The Swedish and foreign members of the Royal Academy of Sciences in Stockholm (Kungl-Vetenskapsakademien), members of the Nobel Committee for Physics and Chemistry prizes, men of science who have received the Nobel Prize of the Academy of Sciences; professors of physics and chemistry at the universities of Uppsala, Lund, Oslo, Copenhagen and Helsingfors (Helsinki), the Karolinska Institute and the Royal Technical University in Stockholm, the science professors are free to exercise their activities permanently at the University of Stockholm, professors and lecturers free six correspondents Universities and Academies least nominated by the Academy of Sciences in order to conveniently share the work with other countries and their chairs, and finally the scientists who, by their special conditions are invited by the Academy."
3• In Physiology or Medicine: "The faculty members of the Royal Institute of Medical-Surgical Carolino (Kugl-Karolinska Institutet) in Stockholm, the members of the medical section of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences; persons who are holders of the Nobel Prize in Medicine ...... End part 1
