NOBEL PRIZE 2009

The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, from 5 to October 12,  announced the winners of the different categories, Nobel Prize 2009.

October 5 Nobel Prize in Medicine
October 6 Nobel Prize in Physics
October 7 Nobel Prize in Chemistry
October 8 Nobel Prize in Literature
October 9 Nobel Peace Prize
October 12th Nobel Prize in Economics.

» 2009 NOBEL PRIZE FOR MEDICINE

The Karolinska Institute in Stockholm, has awarded Prize of Medicine 2009 the discoverers of telomeres and the enzyme telomerase, the implications of which affect both the process of aging and cancer, an Australian Elizabeth H.Blackburn, an American Carol W.British Greider andJack W.Szostak.
"The discoveries by Blackburn,  Greider and Szostak have added a new dimension to the understanding of the cell, shed lighton disease mechanisms, and stimulated the development of potential new therapies," he stressed upon them the Karolinska Institute.

•Profiles
The Australian Elizabeth Blackburn was born in 1948 in Tasmania,  Australia, is a professor of Biochemistry at the University of California, San Francisco (USA). She was chosen by Time magazine in their annual lists of the 100 most influential people in the world. In 2006 he won the Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research with another winning now (Szostak) and in 2007 it sounded like one of the candidates to win the Nobel.

The American Carol W.Greider was born in California, 1961, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University (Baltimore, USA), has worked closely with Elizabeth H.Blackburn, one of his teachers. He graduated from the University of California (Berkeley), where he began his research in 1984. On Christmas Day of that year, Greider identified a new enzyme, telomerase, which was responsible for maintaining chromosome. Briton Jack Szostak was born in London in 1952, is considered one of the leaders in the field of genetic studies from his laboratory in the U.S. Howard Hughes Institute.

» Nobel Prize in Physics 2009

Winners Tuesday 6 October, the Nobel Prize in Physics 2009 was for three veteran scientists: The British-Chinese researcher Charles K. Kao, who was cited for its innovation in the field of light transmission through optical fibers, while Willard S. Boyle and George E.Smith were honored for inventing an imaging semiconductor circuit.

•Profiles
Charles Kuen Kao was born in Shanghai in1933 and holds dual British-American. He studied electrical engineering at Imperial College London and directed the laboratory and Telecommunications Engineering Harlow, England, before moving on to the University of Hong Kong until his retirement in 1996.

Willard Sterling Boyle was born in Canada in 1924 and his Ph.D. in physics in 1955 from McGill University in Quebec then to assume the position of Director of Communication at Bells Labs in New Jersey researcher who shared stage with his colleague Smith, and which he retired in 1979.

George Elwood Smith, finally, was born in 1930 in the state of New York and a Ph.D. from the University of Chicago in 1959. From there he went to New Jersey Bells Labs and retired a few years after his colleague and research partner in 1986. The three Americans are already retired but their work served to revolutionize technology in the field of light transmission.

» Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2009

On October 7, the Royal Academy of Sciences did award the Nobel Chemistry 2009,to the American scientists Venkatraman Ramakrishnan, who works in Britain, and Thomas A. Steitz and Ada E. Yonath deserved for his studies on the structure and function of the ribosome.

The Nobel Committee for Chemistry, said, "This is an important discovery not only to the science itself, but gives us the tools to develop new antibiotics."

•Profiles
-Ramakrishnan, 57, of Indian origin,  has a Ph.D. in Physics and directs the Department of Medical Research Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Cambridge, England.

-Thomas A. Steitz was born in 1940 in the United States, has a PhD in Molecular Biology and Biochemistry at Harvard University and professor at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University.

-Ada E. Yonath , was born in 1939 in Jerusalem and is considered a pioneer of research on ribosomes. He studied at the Weizmann Institute of Scienc where he earned a Ph.D. in X-ray Crystallography in 1968, currently teaches at the same high school in Rehovot.

»Nobel Prize in Literature 2009

The Nobel Prize for Literature, which went to the Romanian-born German writer Herta Müller, as the Swedish Academy for his work is the "concentration of poetry and the frankness with which he describes the landscape of the dispossessed".

•Profile
Herta Müller was born in (Romania) in 1953, in a family belonging to the German minority in the country. The coexistence of two cultures led,  very early, to deepen the understanding of both countries. He studied German and Romanian philology, and his first book, In the lowlands, was published in 1982,  after four years of waiting and deletions censorship imposed by Romanian.

Herta Müller was born in Romania in 1953 Nytzkydorf within a German family settled in that country after the Second World War. His family integrate this minority group that moved between the two cultures.  Simultaneously studied German and Romanian philology and, as she says, her literature moves between these two cultures. Her mother tongue is German, but Romanian culture is lived, hence his writing is characterized by a peculiar form of expression. His first book, In the lowlands, was published in 1982, after four years of waiting and deletions imposed by censorship.

His last published novel, 'Atemschaukel', is led by a 17 year old girl who is sent to a labor camp in the Soviet Union at the end of War mundial. rumana ..

»NOBEL PEACE PRIZE 2009

On October 9, the U.S. president, Barack Obama, won the Nobel Peace Prize 2009, for his "extraordinary efforts to strengthen international diplomacy and cooperation between peoples". This award has the distinction of being the only one that gives the Norwegian Nobel Institute.

The Norwegian committee said it has given "special attention" to the "vision of a world free of nuclear weapons" since "has powerfully stimulated disarmament negotiations and arms control".
In addition, "thanks to Obama's initiative, continues the officially reported, the U.S. is now playing a more constructive role in addressing the challenges of climate change that the world faces" and "Democracy and Human Rights will to strength. "

Finally, the Norwegian Nobel Committee said that Obama is "now the largest global voice"  of "international politics and attitudes" that the agency has tried to "stimulate" in its 108 year history.

»Nobel Prize for Economics 2009

On October 12, the Royal Academy of Sciences awarded the Nobel Prize in Economics 2009 to two American professors, Ostrom and Williamson, of the Universities of Indiana and California, respectively, for his work on "the organization of the economy."

Together they laid the foundation for the rapid growth of research in economic organizations. Elionor Ostrom has developed the theory about how public funds and resources must be controlled and used for the survival of the welfare state with social security scheme.
The main thes is of Oliver Williamson is that markets,  hierarchical organizations and companies are the best ways to organize different methods for resolving economic disputes. Williamson's theory implies that traders are more likely to carry out their transactions in a business relationship, the more specific your assets.

Osrom Elinor is the first woman to receive the Nobel Prize in Economics, was born in1933 in Los Angeles, California, and grew up in an era of economic depression before WWII. She is a professor of political science at the University of Los Angeles and founded the Center for the Study of Institutional Diversity at the University of Arizona.

Oliver E.Williamson, born in September 1932 in Superior,  Wisconsin. It is a prominent author in the area of ​​economics of transaction costs and related disciplines. He was a student of Ronald Coase, Herbert Simon and Richard Cyert. He teaches at the University of Berkley, California. He became a distinguished fellow of the American Economic Association in 2007 and has written many books, including "The Mechanisms of Governance".

The 2009 Nobel Prizes endowed with 980,000 euros, or 1.4$ million will be delivered as usual,  remembering December 10 anniversary of the death of the founder chemist, inventor and philanthropist Alfred Nobel Swedish at a gala special.