Many Nobel Prize winners are unknown to the public but there have been winners enjoyed a great reputation and are or have been universal characters recognizable anywhere in the world: Marie (Madame) Curie, Mother Teresa, Albert Einstein, Martin Luther King, Jean-Paul Sartre, Desmond Tutu, Nelson Mandela, Sir Alexander Fleming, etc, are a case in point. Recognizing the great work for humanity of all the winners, regardless of their celebrity, and considering that the granting of this award already granted to such persons or entities universal and enduring fame, we offer a list of winners Nobel prizes in previous years, from 2000 to the present.After all, the Nobel Prizes are the most important awards in the world.
»Nobel Prize Winners 2012
•Physics: Serge Hroche and David J. Wineland by measurement and manipulation of individual quantum systems.
•Chemistry: Robert J Lefkowitz and Brian K Kobilka for his studies on protein-coupled receptors G.
•Medicine: Sir John B.Gurdon and Shinya Yamanaka for the discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed to be pluripotent.
•Literature: Mo Yan, who with his amazing blend realism folklore, history and contemporary events.
•Peace: European Union, because for six decades has contributed to the advancement of peace and reconciliation, democracy and human rights in Europe.
•Economy: Alvin E.Roth and Lloyd S.Shapley for his work on the theory of stable allocations and market design.
»Nobel Prize Winners in 2011
•Physics: Saul Perlmutter, Brian P.Adam and G. Schmidt Riess, for their discovery of the accelerating expansion of the Universe through observations of supernovae.
•Chemistry: Dan Shechtman for the discovery using quasicristales.
•Medicine: Bruce A.Beutler and Jules A.Hoffmann for their discoveries concerning the activation of innate immunity, ex aequo with Ralph M.Steinmann for his contributions in the field of immunology and vaccines.
•Literature: Tomas Tranströmer, the throbbing reality access provided byits vivid images.
•Peace: Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, Leymah Gbowee and Tawakkol Karman for their nonviolent struggle for recognition and respect for the rights of women.
•Economics: Thomas J.Sargent and Christopher A.Sims, for their empirical research on cause and effect in the field of macroeconomics.
»Nobel Prize Winners in 2010
•Physics: Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov for their discoveries about graphene.
•Chemistry: Richard F.Heck, Ei-ichi Negishi and Akira Suzuki for the sde react palladium catalyzed cross coupling in organic synthesis.
•Medicine: Robert G.Edwards for developing in vitro fertilization.
•Literature: Mario Vargas Llosa for his cartography of structures of power and his vigorous images on resistance, revolt and defeat of the individuals.
•Peace: Liu Xiaobo for his long and nonviolent struggle for fundamental human rights in China.
•Economy: Peter A.Diamond, Dale T.Mortensen and Christopher A.Pissarides, for their analysis of markets with search frictions.
»2009 Nobel Prize Winners
•Physics: Charles K.Kao "for pioneering discoveries regarding the transmission of light through optical fiber communication", ex aequo with Willard S.Boyle and George E.Smith "for the invention of an imaging semiconductor circuit (CCD sensor)"
•Chemistry: Venkatraman Ramakrishnan, Thomas A.Steitz and Ada E.Yonath "for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome".
•Medicine: Elizabeth H.Blackburn, Carol W.Greider and Jack W.Szostak "for their discoveries concerning the enzyme telomerase in human chromosomes protective against aging"
•Literature: Herta Müller "who, with the concentration of poetry and the frankness of prose, depicts the landscape of the dispossessed"
»Peace: Barack Hussein Obama" for his extraordinary efforts to streng then international diplomacy and cooperation between peoples"
•Economics: Elinor Ostrom ex aequo with Oliver E.Williamson "for their analysis of economic governance".
»2008 Nobel Prize Winners
•Physics:Yoichiro Nambu, Makoto Kobayashi ex aequo with and Toshihide Maskawa, "for their discoveries in the field of subatomic physics"
•Chemistry: Osamu Shimomura, Martin Chalfie and Roger Y. Tsien" for the discovery and achievement of the green fluorescent protein (GFP)"
•Medicine: Harald zur Hausen "for his discovery of human papilloma viruses causing cervical cancer", ex aequo with Françoise Barré-Sinoussiand Luc Montagnier "for their discovery of HIV"
•Literature: Jean-Marie Gustave Le Clezio "for authoring new courses, the poetic adventure and sensual ecstasy, explorer of a humanity beyond and below the reigning civilization"
•Peace: Martti Ahtisaari "for his important efforts on several continents for the peaceful resolution of international conflicts"
•Economy: Paul Krugman" for his analysis of trade patterns or patterns and location of economic activity"
»2007 Nobel Prize Winners
•Physics: Albert Fert and Peter Grünberg "for the discovery of Giant Magnetoresistance"
•Chemistry: Gerhard Ertl "for his studies of chemical processes on solid surfaces"
•Medicine: Mario R.Capecchi, Sir Martin J.Evans and Oliver Smithies" for his work on stem cells and genetic manipulation in animal models as well as the discovery of cells causing ulcers"
•Literature: Doris Lessing "ability to convey the epic of the female experience and narrate the division of civilization with skepticism, passion and visionary power"
•Peace: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and Albert Arnold (Al) Gore Jr. "for their efforts to build and distribute the largest knowledge about climate change caused by man "
•Economics: Leonid Hurwicz, Eric S.Maskin and Roger B.Myerson " to lay the foundations of the theory of mechanism design"
»2006 Nobel Prize Winners
•Physics: John C.Mather and George F.Smoot " for their discoveries about the black body and the anisotropy of the microwave background radiation."
•Chemistry: Roger D.Kornberg " for his studies of the molecular basis of eukaryotic transcription"
•Medicine: Andrew Z.Fire and Craig C.Mello " for their discoveries in the field of genetic interference (RNA)"
•Literature: Orhan Pamuk "who in the quest for the melancholic soul of his native city, has desubier to new symbols relating to shock and interlacing of cultures"
•Peace: Muhammad Yunus and Grameen Bank " for their efforts to create economic and social development"
•Economy: Edmund S.Phelps "by timeless analysis inmacroeconomic activity"
»2005 Nobel Prize Winners
•Physics: Roy J.Glauber "for his contribution to the quantum theory of optical coherence", ex aequo with Theodor W.Hänsch and John L.Hall," for their contributions to the development of spectroscopy"
•Chemistry: Yves Chauvin, Robert H.Grubbs and Richard R.Schrock " for the development of olefin metathesis method in organic chemistry"
•Medicine: Barry J.Marshall and J.Robin Warren " for their discovery of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori and its role in the disease of stomach ulcers and gastritis"
•Literature: Harold Pinter "who in his works reveals that lurks beneath the everyday oppression"
•Peace: International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and Mohamed ElBaradei " for their efforts to prevent the military use of nuclear energy and the peaceful use of such energy as safe as possible"
•Economics: Robert J.Aumann and Thomas C.Schelling "for his contributions to the understanding of conflict and cooperation through analysis of Game Theory"
»2004 Nobel Prize Winners
•Physics: David J.Gross, H.David Politzer and Frank Wilczek "for their discoveries concerning the interactions of quarks formulating the concept of asymptotic freedom in QCD "
•Chemistry: Aaron Ciechanover, Avram Hershko and Irwin Rose "for the discovery of protein degradation caused by the ubiquitin"
•Medicine: Richard Axel and Linda B.Buck "for their discoveries of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system"
•Literature: Elfriede Jelinek "musical flow of voices and contravoces in his novels and plays and captivating style"
•Peace: Wangari Muta Maathai "for her contribution to sustainable development, democracy and peace"
•Economy: Finn E.Kydland and Edward C.Prescott "for their contributions to dynamic macroeconomics: the time consistency of economic policy and the driving forces behind business cycles"
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